高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡蛋中三聚氰胺残留

[目的]建立快速测定鸡蛋中三聚氰胺残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法。[方法]采用1%三氯乙酸-甲醇（体积比1∶1）提取鸡蛋样品中的三聚氰胺残留,然后用PCX柱净化,用反相液相色谱分离,以液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定,外标法定量。[结果]该法对三聚氰胺的线性范围为20～400μg/kg,相关系数r2=0.998 5;在50、100、200μg/kg 3个添加水平范围内的回收率为87.0%、96.8%、94.4%,检测限为3μg/kg,定量限为10μg/kg。[结论]该方法简便快速,灵敏度高,重现性好,选择性强,非常适合鸡蛋中三聚氰胺药物残留的确证和定量测定。     

国内外胡椒质量及安全评价的对比分析

分析研究了国内外胡椒产品质量标准及农药残留限量标准,发现国内在品质标准和残留农药种类数量上与主要消费国有很大的差距,并提出了加快我国胡椒相关深加工产品和农药限量标准修订的建议。     

青霉素菌渣残留降解物的蓄积毒性研究（摘要）（英文）

[目的]初步研究青霉素菌渣残留降解物的蓄积毒性,进而探讨其是否具备作为蛋白饲料投入养殖业开发利用的条件。[方法]通过小鼠亚急性毒性试验,饲喂小鼠不同剂量的青霉素菌渣降解物（3%和6%）连续观察15周,记录每周小白鼠的体重和死亡情况;试验结束后抽样处死,取血测动物肝、肾功能,取心、肝、脾、肾称重,并在光镜下对肝、肾组织做病理学观察。[结果]试验组小白鼠体重、死亡率及肝、肾功能在15周内和对照组差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。低剂量组可见肝细胞、肾小管上皮细胞核有碎裂,少数肝、肾细胞有轻度水肿;高剂量组可见小白鼠肝组织中细胞核碎裂并有脂肪滴,多数肝细胞水肿,只有少数肝细胞无明显改变;肾脏可见门管区炎性细胞浸润,肾小管上皮细胞水肿、坏死。[结论]该实验条件下青霉素菌渣降解物对小鼠器官的实质细胞有轻度的毒性作用。     

24%辛硫磷溴虫腈EC对鳞翅目害虫防效及残毒试验

24%辛硫磷溴虫腈EC(21%辛硫磷+3%溴虫腈)750倍和1500倍对低龄桑螟、桑尺蠖有较好的防治效果。750倍叶面喷雾5d对家蚕安全,可以在蚕期中使用。     

内蒙古农田地膜残留现状分析

在全区10个盟市选取分属于东北半湿润平原区、北方高原山地区、西北干旱半干旱平原区并具有较强区域代表性的15个地膜残留试验点,对全区地膜残留的整体情况做全面、系统的分析。研究结果表明,15个试验点的地膜残留量变化在0.01～2.40kg/667m2之间,地膜当年残留系数在0.26%～72.73%之间。这表明,全区各盟市间地膜残留情况差异较大,乌兰察布市试验点地膜残留率最高,为72.73%,残留率大于20%的还有:锡林郭勒盟65.00%、包头市54.40%、鄂尔多斯市47.00%。残留总量最高的是乌兰察布市3951.85t,其次是巴彦淖尔市1312.02t、包头市1301.35t。     

高效液相色谱法分析砂糖桔中嘧菌酯残留

采用配备有Hypersil ODS C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱和紫外检测器的反相高效液相色谱仪,测定砂糖桔中嘧菌酯残留。以乙酸乙酯/环己烷(V/V=1/1)为提取溶剂,超声波提取砂糖桔中的嘧菌酯,经固相萃取净化,采用液相色谱法测定残留量。确定砂糖桔中嘧菌酯的最佳液相色谱检测条件为:检测波长257 nm,流动相V(乙腈)/V(水)=70/30,流速1.0 mL/min,进样量10μL。嘧菌酯在样品中的添加回收率为85.23%~92.04%,最低检测浓度为0.01μg/g,能满足农药残留分析要求。     

Organic residue mass at planting is an excellent predictor of tree growth in Eucalyptus plantations established on a sandy tropical soil

Tropical plantation forests are meeting an increasing proportion of global wood demand and comprehensive studies assessing the impact of silvicultural practices on tree and soil functioning are required to achieve sustainable yields. The objectives of our study were: (1) to quantify the effects of contrasting organic residue (OR) retention methods on tree growth and soil nutrient pools over a full Eucalyptus rotation and (2) to assess the potential of soil analyses to predict yields of fast-growing plantations established on tropical sandy soils. An experiment was set up in the Congo at the harvesting of the first rotation after afforestation of a native herbaceous savanna. Six treatments were set up in 0.26 ha plots and replicated in 4 blocks, with OR mass at planting ranging from 0 to 46.5 Mg ha⁻¹. Tree growth over the whole rotation was highly dependent on OR management at planting. Over-bark trunk volume 7 years after planting ranged from 96 m³ ha⁻¹ in the treatment with forest floor and harvest residue removal at planting to 164 m³ ha⁻¹ in the treatment with the largest amount of OR. A comparison of nutrient stocks within the ecosystem at planting and at the end of the rotation suggested that nutrient contents in OR were largely involved in the different response observed between treatments. OR management treatments did not significantly modify most of the nutrient concentrations in the upper layers of the mineral soil. Conventional soil analyses performed before planting and at ages 1 and 3 years were unable to detect differences between treatments despite large differences in tree growth. In contrast, linear regressions between stand aboveground biomass at harvesting and OR mass at planting (independent variable) showed that OR mass was an excellent predictor of stand yield (R² = 0.99). A large share of soil fertility comes from organic material above the mineral soil in highly weathered sandy soils and OR mass at planting might be used in conjunction with soil analyses to assess the potential of these soils to support forest plantations.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中11种光引发剂残留量

建立了牛奶中11种光引发剂残留的定性和定量测定分析方法。样品经Carrez试剂沉淀蛋白质后,使用乙腈提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化,乙腈洗脱,洗脱液用氮气吹干后用50%乙腈水溶液定容,采用液相色谱-串联质谱进行测定。分析物采用电喷雾电离,正离子扫描,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,其中7种光引发剂使用内标法定量,4种光引发剂使用外标法定量。11种光引发剂在5.00～200μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.990。11种光引发剂的测定低限均为1.0μg/kg。在添加浓度1.00～100μg/kg范围内,加标回收率为74.3%～112%,相对标准偏差为0.57%～16.3%。本方法简便、有效、灵敏,适用于牛奶中光引发剂多残留的定量测定和确证。     

Straw coverage alleviates seasonal variability of the topsoil microbial biomass and activity

Straw coverage on soil surface is a well-known practice for conserving soil and water. Seasonal variability of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and basal respiration (BR) in surface soil (0–5 cm) was compared between conventional straw removal (SR) and straw coverage (SC) in a maize (Zea mays L.) field experiment, Northeast China. The straw coverage treatment significantly increased microbial energy, carbon and nutrient sources (soil C and N contents) and improved soil physical environment (moisture and porosity), and thus stimulated MBC and BR across the growth season of maize, as compared to the straw removal treatment. MBC and BR showed similar seasonal trends in soil temperature, with maximum values in summer. In both study years, the straw coverage treatment reduced seasonal variation of soil temperature, therefore it significantly moderated seasonal variability of MBC and BR. Our results demonstrate that straw coverage contributes to stabilizing soil microbial characteristics in season.     

Differential and successive effects of residue quality and soil mineral N on water-stable aggregation during crop residue decomposition

Residue quality has been shown to influence soil water-stable aggregation (WSA) during crop residue decomposition, but there is still little information about its interactive effect with soil mineral N availability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soil mineral N on WSA during the decomposition of two high-C/N crop residues (wheat straw with C/N = 125.6 and miscanthus straw with C/N = 311.3). The two crop residues were combined with three mineral N addition rates (0, 60, and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil). Respiration, soil mineral N content, and WSA (expressed as mean-weight diameter, MWD) were measured on several dates during a 56-d incubation. The effect of decomposing crop residues on WSA followed two phases. (i) Between 0 and 7 d, the increase in WSA was related to intrinsic residue quality with higher decomposability of the wheat straw resulting in higher WSA. (ii) Thereafter, and until the end of the experiment, mineral N addition rates had a predominant but negative influence on WSA. In this second phase, the average MWD of residue-treated soils was 0.92, 0.55, and 0.44 mm for the 0, 60 and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil addition rates, respectively. Mineral N addition which did result in higher crop residue decomposition did not lead to higher WSA. WSA during crop residue decomposition is therefore not simply positively related to the induced microbial activity, and changes in microbial community composition with differential effects on WSA must be involved. The impact of high-C/N crop residues inputs on WSA, initially assumed to be low, could actually be strong and long-lasting in situations with low soil mineral N content.